2D materials offer vast variability, with nearly unlimited combinations of composition, properties, and structures. This versatility can be further extended through layer stacking and twisting, enabling unique electronic and mechanical behaviours. The diversity in chemical composition necessitates various approaches for their crystal growth and chemical modifications.This discussion will cover the synthesis and crystal growth methods for different classes of 2D materials, including chalcogenides, halides, chalcogen-halides, and beyond. The impact of experimental conditions on their structural and functional properties will also be explored.Exfoliation techniques, particularly those involving intercalation, provide a pathway for obtaining large-area monolayer flakes and bulk intercalated compounds with tailored properties. The effects of these methods on material characteristics will be examined. Additionally, chemical exfoliation methods for materials with layered structures held together by covalent bonds will be presented.Finally, the applications of 2D materials across multiple fields will be discussed, including electronics, energy storage, catalysis, and beyond. This overview aims to highlight the transformative potential of 2D materials from fundamental synthesis to practical technological implementations.
